A new study highlights the tension between Indonesia’s growing role as the world’s top nickel supplier and its ambitious targets to protect biodiversity and curb forest emissions by 2030 and beyond.
- Nearly half of future nickel supply may come from biodiversity hotspots.
- Indonesia could produce up to 74% of global nickel by 2040.
- Forest loss within mining concessions threatens conservation targets.
What happened
Indonesia is experiencing a significant nickel mining boom driven by the rising global demand for this metal, critical for batteries and clean energy technologies. The country, which contains the largest nickel reserves worldwide, has rapidly increased output over the past decade and is projected to supply up to three-quarters of the world’s nickel by 2040. Much of this nickel comes from laterite deposits, typically found in tropical forest regions, where mining activities often require extensive land clearing.
A recent study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution warns that between 44% and 49% of the nickel needed from 2025 to 2050 will likely come from areas recognized as top priorities for biodiversity preservation and carbon storage. Research reveals significant forest loss within Indonesian nickel mining concessions, with satellite data showing tens of thousands of hectares cleared since mining licenses were issued. These developments put pressure on ecosystems essential for biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration.
Why it feels good
Despite these environmental challenges, Indonesia is committed to ambitious conservation and climate goals, aligning its policies with international frameworks like the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. The country aims to protect at least 30% of its terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine environments by 2030 under its Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. This target underscores Indonesia’s dedication to preserving its unique ecosystems even amid economic growth pressures.
Additionally, Indonesia’s forestry and land-use sector plays a key role in its climate strategy. The FOLU Net Sink 2030 program aims to make Indonesia a net greenhouse gas sink by reducing deforestation, restoring forests, and conserving biodiversity. These strategies illustrate the country’s recognition that environmental health and economic development need not be mutually exclusive but require carefully balanced policies and innovative solutions.
What to enjoy or watch next
As Indonesia’s nickel mining expands, close attention will be needed to monitor how effectively conservation efforts are integrated with mining development. Stakeholders, including government agencies, companies, and environmental advocates, are exploring ways to minimize the ecological footprint of mining through spatial planning, improved regulations, and investment in restoration projects. Public awareness and global demand for sustainable supply chains may also encourage more responsible mining practices.
Looking ahead, technology innovations in mining and battery production could help reduce the pressure on Indonesia’s forests and biodiversity hotspots. Supporting policies that emphasize conservation-compatible mining and diversification of battery materials may also contribute positively. Following Indonesia’s progress on these fronts will offer valuable insights on balancing natural resource extraction with ecological preservation in one of the world’s richest biodiversity regions.